TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON INDONESIAN SLOGANS OF COVID 19 IN INSTAGRAM

This paper has the following purposes: (1) to examine the sum of phrases, clauses and complex sentences used in Indonesian slogans related to corona virus in Indonesia in five instagram accounts, 2) to recognize the words often used in Indonesian slogans related to corona virus in Indonesia in five instagram accounts, 3) to elaborate the idea of those slogans presented by using ideational metafunction. The data were accumulated by gathering 40 slogans from five instagram accounts. The results of the study were as follows: 1) the most often used keywords were covid, korona, dengan, yang, successively 2) the most often used constituents of the ideational metafunctional were participant, and followed by processes and circumstances successively and 3) the most often used sub-component of participant was goal, the most often used sub-component of process was material creative and the most often used sub-component of circumstance is manner means.

any education or information to readers about COVID 19 illness. In this study, the researcher took indonesian slogans posted in one of social media which is instagram.
A slogan is a short text that summarize an idea and related to outcome, firm, organization or person. Slogan is made by people as a medium to convey the message of its text. It is also a piece of language because it expresses the meaning. It usually has the attributes of being impressive, very brief and attracting to the audience (Qoriah, 2018). The writer chose slogans in instagram because most of people nowadays already have an android cellphone where if they have this cellphone, it will be very easy for them to access social media like Instagram. It is stated in Laosrirattanachai's paper (2018, p. 136) that there were largest sum of 3-words slogan then 4-words and 5-words in slogans.
In fact, the writer found complex sentences instead of words in Indonesian slogans related to virus corona in Indonesia in five instagram accounts. The writer took 5 instagram accounts to represent generally about the idea of coronavirus slogans found in instagram. This research has purposes to 1) to examine the sum of phrases, clauses and complex sentences used in Indonesian slogans related to viruscorona in Indonesia in five instagram accounts, 2) to recognize the words often used in Indonesian slogans related to viruscorona in Indonesia in five instagram accounts, 3) to elaborate the idea of those slogans presented by using ideational metafunction.

Michael Halliday has a famous theory named Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).
It is about human make use of language as a choice. People use lots of choices to express their meanings to others. In addition, SFL concentrates on linguistic and semantics forms. Both grammar and meaning are analyzed simultaneously. SFL consists of three purposes which are interpersonal, textual and ideational. Nevertheless, (Halliday et al., 2014, p. 30) mentioned that each of the purposes related to semantic or it is known as metafunctions. Three metafunctions could be described shortly such as 1) interpersonal metafunction reflects the way the addresser and the recipient communicate, the apply of language to set up and preserve relations among them, 2) textual metafunction is using a structured language as a meaning to match with the context, both in writing and speaking, and 3) ideational metafunction reflects reality in language associated with the universe, both in thought and in the real universe.  Table 2 indicates participants which are employed to categorize noun phrase.
Participants are uinevitably associated with processes since they are specified by process.
Hence, participants cannot be categorized without processes. Participants can be employed to specify noun phrase in the sentence by concentrating on their purposes in a situation, for Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), 9 (1), Mei 2022, 67-81, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 71 example, "Mencuci Tangan". From the example, 'Mencuci' is classified as material process, and 'Tangan' is as Goal'.  Table 3 indicates circumstance sub-kinds, which are adverb phrases. Kinds of circumstance can be specified without regarding process and participant. Kinds of circumstance are employed in language to show some additional information which language users underline other than that process and participant, for instance, "Rajin Berolahraga". Of the instance, 'rajin' is categorized as quality circumstance that has a meaning in which the language user wanted to make readers believe that if you exercises diligently then your body will be strong and will be kept away from the disease.

Previous Studies
Those theories were supported by two previous studies. The first was Qoriah who elaborated the ideational meaning in HIV AIDS slogans. Her study showed a complete description of 50% material process, 38% relational process, 6% mental process, and 6% verbal process. The second study came from Laosrirattanachai investigated the sum of the words used in Airline Business advertising slogans, identified the keywords often used in the slogans, explained the idea of airline business advertising slogans by using ideational metafunction. The results of the study were such as: 1) there were largest sum of 3-words slogan then 4-words and 5-words slogans, 2) the most often keywords were fly, of, your, to and airline, 3) the most often constituents of the Ideational metafunction were participants, circumstances and processes, and 4) the most often sub-component of participant was actor, the most often subcomponent of process was material transformative and the most often sub-component of circumstance was spatial location.
Those two previous studies have similarities with this article that is the focus of the analysis is ideational metafunction. However, there are some distinctions between them.
Qoriah used HIV AIDS of English slogans and Laosrirattanachai used Airline business advertising slogans also in English. This article uses Indonesian slogans of COVID 19 in five instagram accounts related to viruscorona in indonesia.

Research Methods
The research method of this study was divided into three namely data collection, data analysis, and data presentation method. The first was the data collection method which used the simak method. It is a method used to view the use of language (Zaim, 2014, p. 85). In other words, this method means that the writer scrutinized the written data which are Indonesian slogan of COVID 19 in five instagram accounts of #coronavirus.indonesia_, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), 9 (1), Mei 2022, 67-81, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 #coronavirus_indonesia, #pandemicovid19_indo, #coronavirus.indonesia, #viruskoronaindonesia. Those data were read by her. After viewing the data, noted and introspection techniques were used because each data needed to be noted, and the introspection technique was used because the writer was the native speaker of Indonesian, so she used her knowledge of Ideational Metafunction to support the data collection.
The second method was data analysis. It used agih method by dividing data into several elements. The agih method means that the writer split the data based on their classification.
The instrument of agih method is clear; it is always taken from the parts of the object target research itself (Zaim, 2014, p. 191). The agih method was combined with teknik bagi unsur. It is dividing the lingual unit of data into several parts. Based on the method and technique, analyzing the data were began by classifying (separating) the data according to its type. The determination of type here relating to Process Type, Participant and Circumstance. It was done based on transitivity system.
The third method was the data presentation method. It used formal and informal methods. To elaborate the sum of the words and the keywords most often used in Indonesian slogans of COVID 19 in five instagram accounts. To do this, percentage is chosen to count the data or it is formal method. Afterward, the percentage will be analyzed and elaborate in description. This is using words in the form of sentences or it is called informal method.

Results and Discussion
There were three major phases to elaborate the data in this study. First,each slogan was accumulated the sum of clauses in the slogan. Based on the data, indonesian slogan relating to COVID 19 has at least 5 number of words and the most number is around 90-100 words.
Hence, the writer chose to analyze clauses instead of words. After accumulating the sum of clauses of each slogan, they were put in the table and then summed up from the most to the least number. Second, the data were elaborated to find out the top words occured, considered as keywords here. The keywords in indonesian slogans were mainly words showing aspects of semantics that the slogans express to readers.
According to the scope of the keywords in this paper, words such as sebuah, di, setelah and so on, that have no certain meaning but bear in phrases as grammatical words, were not to be discussed. Moreover, some grammatical words which can refer to certain meaning like 'yang' in "Orang yang anda temui" or 'Jangan lupa untuk mencuci tangan' are considered. Then words with the same meaning but different functions were structured into the same word, guna, digunakan, and penggunaan for instance. Third, each slogan was elaborated by using Ideational metafunction to see the category used in the slogan structure which refer to the idea of COVID 19 advertising slogans that each slogan establishes a meaning to readers.

Sum of Phrases, Clauses & Complex Sentences in the Slogans
Sneddon said that (2012, p. 127) a phrase is a bunch of words which is grammatically equal to a single word, being capable at occuring in the same spot as that word. The phrase consists of the class of a word to which it is equal. This word is the head word, the rest of the phrase being constructed surrounding it. Kind of phrase is analyzed by the word class of its head. Thus, a noun phrase consists of a noun, an adjective phrase consists of an adjective, etc.
According to Sneddon (2012, p A simple sentence is reflected as a single independent clause. Here, the writer counted sentences as complex sentence which contain more than one clauses.
After the data were gathered and put in the table by employing Microsoft Excel, the clauses in each slogans were accumulated. The results have been indicated as the following They stated that slogan is often formed in a phrase or a short sentence. In fact, it is not valid in Indonesian slogans found in Instagram. The slogans are tended to use complex sentences instead of phrase or short sentence.

Keywords on Indonesian Slogans of COVID 19
The data were analyzed manually by checking one word to other words (ctrl+f). The result shows there are 1968 words appear in 40 slogans. After arranging words with the same meaning but different forms into classification, the results are indicated in the below tables. Overall view, seventeen out of twenty words are content words and the rest are grammatical words. Focusing on the first ten words, seven out of ten words are content words such as covid, korona, virus, orang, masker, batuk, sakit and the rest are grammatical words such as dengan, yang, untuk. However, grammatical words do not have their own certain meanings compared to content words, yet some words have certain usage and can refer to a certain meaning as you can look at the below description.
The most often word used in slogan is 'covid'. The word stands from corona virus disease (covid). The main task of covid slogans is to inform any information related to the disease to readers. Hence, there will be no doubt that the word 'covid' is obviously the essence keyword for Indonesian covid slogans.
The second-rank keyword is 'korona' which is the name of the disease. Sometimes, slogan creatorrs mention the name of the disease, sometimes they use the short one which is covid. 'Dengan', the third-rank word is used to give additional information after verb. It is showed that the slogan creators are preferred to use complex sentence to simple sentence.'Yang' occupies the fourth-rank word. It is mostly taking place in subordinate clause.
There are lots of subordinate clauses used in Indonesian covid slogans.
Looking at the sum of the words, participant has the largest sum as there are twelve out of twenty, then five out of twenty is process and 3 circumstances successively. This could be interpreted that Indonesian covid slogans often used participant in their slogans.

Ideational Metafunction and the Idea of Indonesian Slogans advertising COVID 19
After examining collected data, the writer found that not all slogans comprising three constituents (Process, Participant, Circumstances) because 8 out of 40 slogans do not have process here. As the result described above that complex sentences which consists of more than one clause are commonly found in Indonesian slogans. Hence, there will have more labels in 1 slogan. Process is the nucleus of the clause as it explains what the participants are categorized", hence, slogans by no process refer to unclear sub-components of participants. Therefore, data were detached into two groups to be examined, one by no process, and another one by process in slogans. The findings are indicated in table 6 as the first group in column 2 and the second group in column 4. They were examined to check the frequency of the category they are classified as. Of the above table, the findings are described in two ways. First, regarding to the three elements, it is indicated both in slogans by no process and by process that the first level goes to participants. Participant in slogans by no process reaches 75,75% and participant in slogans by process reaches 39,63%. The second level goes to process with 31,43% in slogans by process. Meanwhile, the second level in slogans by no process is circumstances with 8%. The last one is circumstance with 28.92% in slogans by process. While, as the name slogans by no process, there will have no process at all. It can be concluded that slogans are basically built with participants. Participants here are commonly found in clauses. Since the slogan creators use slogan to inform readers about the diseases itself, for example, "Anda tidak pernah tahu orang yang anda temui diluar sudah tertular COVID 19 atau belum", "Buang tisu/masker yang telah digunakan", "Ketika batuk/bersin, jangan lupa menutup mulut & hidung", "Hindari kontak dekat dengan orang yang menunjukkan gejala COVID 19", so the slogans are going to explain in detail about the information of the disease. They use long clauses or complex sentence to give a complete information that they have.
Another thing that can be summarized here is processes and circumstances, which go to the second and the third level successively, arise in very close percent, 31.43% and 28.92% here. It means the slogans are built by using those consitituents in very close number. Hence, selecting processes and circumstances as constituents in slogans are not as often used options as selecting participants. In SFL terms, it means to make slogans, especially COVID 19 in this paper, people select participants to build slogans as the main option.
Most Indonesian Covid 19 slogans in instagram used participants and then processes were applied. Without any processes, there was impossible to recognize kind of participants.
When we pay attention only on sub-components of participant, goal comes up in the first level and then carrier. Though, processes specify the component of participants, but there is no will for actor to be indicated in every clause. Every material process has actor, yet several times it is not appeared in the clause (Thompson, 2013). This also occurs in Indonesian slogan about COVID 19 in instagram.
This statement can be proved by some instances from this paper, "Hindari kontak dengan siapapun yang menunjukkan gejala seperti demam atau flu", "Gejala Covid ini pada  Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 79 The carrier is not only found in the begining sentence but also in the midlle sentence.
In kinds of process, creative process is the most used sub-component with 53.62%.
The following 4 sub-components i.e. material transformative ( Lastly, manner means circumstance comes up in the first level with 25,98%. These slogans include an appeal to the public to follow the instructions / steps so people can stay away from the disease from the information in slogans itself. For example, "Jangan lupa untuk mencuci tanganmu dengan sabun setelah batuk atau bersin", "Rajin-rajin cuci tangan dengan sabun", and "Cuci masker kain (non-medis) dengan air dan deterjen". So, manner means circumstance is the option of language that Indonesian COVID 19 slogan creators always choose to prevent people from the disease. The second rank goes to location temporal circumstance (18,11%). The slogans also provide them the spesific time and the actions what must people do such as "Tutup mulut dan hidung ketika bersin atau batuk", "Segera menghubungi rumah sakit rujukan bila orang terdekatmu mengalami gejala Covid 19, etc.
The slogans do not only inform and prevent people from the disease, but they also mention the purpose of the instructions such as "Setiap orang minimal memiliki 3 masker kain (non-medis) untuk menjaga situasi pemakaian", "Jangan lupa untuk merobek masker yang telah digunakan ya, untuk mencegah penggunaan ulang masker", etc. Then, the fourth rank is location spatial (10.03%) successively. This spatial informs the spesific place where people have to do or to go, for instance "Jangan meludah disembarang tempat", "Segera ke Rumah Sakit rujukan untuk memeriksakan diri kamu lebih menyeluruh", etc.

Conclusion
Despite this study concentrates on certain data, Indonesian Covid 19 slogans provide us comprehension of participants, processes and circumstances employed in the slogans. The results of this paper basically sustain the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics that "human has his choices to use language". The writer can prove this sentence by seeing the frequency of each sub-components in Ideational metafunction. There are lots of choices for the slogans to express something to readers. Apart from those who select a language option as their choices, there are also other people who select a language option and some even mix choices together, for example, "Anda tidak pernah tahu (mental cognitive process) anda ( carrier) sudah tertular (relational attributive process) COVID 19 atau belum (attribute participant)".
Indonesian Covid 19 slogans posted in Instagram tend to use long clauses or complex sentences. It is shown with the most often used words "dengan" and "yang" which belong to subordinate clause in a complex sentence. Eventhough the slogans use long clauses, indeed they also commonly use participant. In this paper, creative process is the most often used among sub-components process, then followed by material transformative. This result correlates to Qoriah paper (2018, p. 90). Material process means the creators desire to give