ANALYZING MORPHOLOGICAL AFFIXES FOUND IN THE POETRY “THE FORERUNNER” BY KAHLIL GIBRAN

In the process of reading sometimes the readers have difficulty identifying the meaning of words correctly, especially words with affixes of prefixes and suffixes. The writer had made three objects of research. The first research is to find out how many affixes were used in the poetry “The Forerunner” by Kahlil Gibran, the second research is to find out what types were used in the poetry “The Forerunner” by Kahlil Gibran, the third research is to find out what types were dominant use in the poetry “The Forerunner” by Kahlil Gibran. In this study, the writer uses a descriptive mixed method that described, identified, classified, and calculated numerical data on the words of affixes found in Kahlil Gibran’s poetry. The result of the research shows the total number of affixes is 105 data found in the four chapters of the poetry “The Forerunner” by Kahlil Gibran. There are two types of affixes used in the four chapters of the poetry “The Forerunner” by Kahlil Gibran prefixes and suffixes. The dominant types of affixes found in the four chapters of the poetry “The Forerunner” by Kahlil Gibran were suffixes found in 99 data with a percentage of 94,3%.


Introduction
Reading is an activity that is often carried out by many people nowadays, and become a positive habit that can be anyone's hobby as well. Particularly, through reading people can analyze their reading to obtain information and understand the meaning of its contents more specifically and accurately. But sometimes in the process of reading, the readers have difficulty identifying the meaning of words correctly and the readers are confused, especially words with affixes of prefixes and suffixes. Based on that issue, the writer tries to explore morphological affixes using poetry as the data during the analysis.
Poetry is one of the literary works that has existed for a long time ago which is still used today. Poetry is a form of literary work created by the poet to express the contents of thoughts and feelings either experienced by the poet itself or its life universally. In general, poetry is poured using beautiful words and unusual words, and it becomes an attraction and benefit for the reader itself because it can enhance the vocabulary. Kahlil Gibran is a world famed poet who has produced many literary works of poetry. Moreover, in this study, the writer is interested in analyzing the morphological affixes found in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran because the writer wants to broaden the knowledge of the readers and the writer itself about morphological affixes throughout Gibran's poetry.
As we know, Gibran's poetry has been used many beautiful words to deliver the messages of his poetry and its words mostly use affixation sometimes it causes the readers or students to have difficulty identifying the meaning of words correctly and the readers are confused, especially words with affixes so that it makes the readers unable to fully understand the meaning of words in their reading properly because of the difficulty in interpreting words that have affixes due to a lack of knowledge about morpheme.
In addition, a morpheme is part of morphology. The morpheme is known as the smallest part of the word that has meaning also called affixes meanwhile morphology is the studying of word formation and internal structure of the word. Besides that, lack of knowledge about morphemes can cause misinterpretation in an understanding of reading, not only reading within poetry but also in other books so readers and students are suggested to study morphemes more intensively to avoid misinterpretation the parts of speech that are shown by affixes. So with its knowledge, it interpreted the poetry messages more precisely and accurately. Thus, the writer has chosen Gibran's poetry as the subject of study because there are many implementations of affixation found in his poetry.
Based on the background of the study above the following research are formulated: 1. How many affixes were found in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran? 2. What types of affixes were found in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran?
3. What types of affixes were dominantly found in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran?
Based on the formulation study above, the object of study are: 1. To find out the total affixes that were applied in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran.
2. To find out the types of affixes that were used in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran.

Morpheme
After discussing morphology, there is a subject of study that is concerned with the topic above called a morpheme. according to Rizki and Zakrimal (2020) described, "Morpheme is the study of systematic covariation in the form and meaning words and a small part that has a meaning and grammatical function" (p.36). Meanwhile, based on Kusumawardhani (2018) stated that "A morpheme is the smallest meaning-bearing unit of language. Morphemes can also be used to indicate the function of the words." (p.24). Thus, it means that the smallest unit of a word has meaning and is structured grammatically, and is called a morpheme.

Bound Morpheme
Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), 9 (2), November 2022, 178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 The bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand independently and always need another morpheme to be attached for example "s" in "bags" cannot stand alone and always need a base "bag" to complete the word. According to Rizki and Zakrimal (2020) stated that "bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone, it needs a combination to make a word and word that contain bound morpheme is a word that has grammatical function such as -s/es, -ing, -en, -er, -ed, -est" (p.37). Thus, it can be concluded that generally bound morphemes are known as affixes in linguistics.

Affixation
Affixation is part of the morphological process that is important in linguistics, and it is produced by the result of attaching or adding affixes to the base, stem, and root of the word.
Based on to Katamba and Stonham (2006) stated that "an affix is a morpheme that only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such as a root or steam or base, obviously by the definition affixes are bound morpheme" (p.44). Meanwhile, based on Twain (2013) emphasized that "affixes are bound morphemes and they may attach at the beginning, the end, in the middle, or both at the beginning and end of a word" (p.40). it can be concluded that affixation is very important in the process of Grammaticalization, especially from morpheme to the word, because affixes only occur when attached to another morpheme of the base, steam, and root of the word. Affixation furthermore has divided into two types there are prefixes and suffixes. Fasold and Linton (2006) stated that "affixes which attach to the left, or front, of a base are called prefixes" (p. 67). Meanwhile based on Handoko (2019) said that "when affixes are added to the beginning of roots or root words, they are called prefixes, for example, the most common prefix is un-, which meant not or opposite of" (p. 34). Furthermore, based on Muin (2017) explained that "The examples of negative prefixes are un, in, im, dis, mis, ill, ir and anti, while positive ones such as re, out, super, under, multi and over" (p.23). Thus, it can conclude that prefixes attached at the beginning of a word can change the meaning of the root word itself, but usually, it doesn't change the class of the root word.

Suffixes
Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), 9 (2), November 2022, 178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 Suffixes are the word formation process of attaching affixes to the end of the base, stem, and root of the word. According to Katamba and Stonham (2006) stated that "suffix is an affix attached after a root (or steam or base) (quickly), wait-er (waiter), play-er (player), book-s (books), mat-s (mats), walk-ed (walked), jump-ed (jumped)" (p.45). Meanwhile, based on Handoko (2019) said that "when affixes are added to the end of roots or root words, they are called suffixes. The most common suffixes are -s and -es, which mean more than one (or the plural) of the word" (p.35). The changing part of speech means that words changed from their base to another form of grammaticalization. Such as the base of a noun changed into a verb,

Types of Bound Morpheme
According to Mariani and Mu'in (2007) said that "The set of affixes which fall into the 'bound' category can also be divided into two types. The first set is the derivational morphemes and the second set of 'bound morphemes' contains what are called inflectional morphemes" (p.63). In morphology, inflectional morphemes known as inflectional affixes become an important part that has been studied a lot by learners, especially in the word formation process of inflectional affixes which is indicated the aspect of the grammatical function of the word. In general, inflectional affixes are indicated for tenses, number, person, gender, etc. Opposite from inflectional affixes, derivational affixes are used to produce new words by developing its word and also changing the class of words and their meaning as well

Inflectional Affixes
Following Yasa and Putra (2021) Inflectional affixes are defined as adding affixes to a root, stems, and bases to change only the grammatical property of a word, such as its tenses, quantity, possession, and comparison" (p.129). Meanwhile according to Yule (2010) inferred that "inflectional morpheme is not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form" (p.69). Thus, from the theory above it can be concluded that inflectional affixes are part of morphology that has an important aspect in the word formation process, especially in serving purely of grammatical function by adding affixes of the word without changing its word class meaning.
Moreover, inflectional affixes only modify the grammatical property of words such as tenses, quantity, possession, and comparison so that it can say the inflectional affixes will not create a new word but only give extra-linguistic information about the grammatical property of the word.

Derivational Affixes
According to O'grady and Archibald (2016) described that "Derivation uses an affix to build a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base" (P. 107).
Example of the verb to form a noun (O'grady and Archibald, 2016, P. 107) According to Kalsum et al. (2021) described that "Derivational morpheme is the process of word formation through the addition affix, which can be a prefix or suffix, such as -ness or un.
For example, happiness and unhappy" (P. 83). Thus, from the definition above, it can be concluded that an affix that joins to the base of a word is developing a new word and distinguishing from its base called derivational affixes.

Literature
literature is known as artistic works that are produced from human thoughts, experiences, and feelings that are poured into the form of language and expressed both written and spoken have the value moral and aesthetic. Definition of literature according to Pradani and Rizal (2020) said that "Literature is a creative and artistic activity if without being artistic values, literature would be just another kind of writing, along with scientific, work, and reports" (p.41).

Poetry as Literary Work
Poetry known as part of literature has been used for a long time ago, so poetry becomes one of the oldest forms of literary works in the world which is still existed until nowadays.
Poetry is mostly dealing with feeling, imagination, and the idea of the poetic itself which is pouring into beautiful language that has an intensive meaning different from ordinary language.
According to Irmawati (2014) said that "Poetry is literary work in metrical form or patterned language. It can also be said as the art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken, designed to produce pleasure through beautiful, elevated, imaginative, or profound thoughts" (p. 35).

Kahlil Gibran's Biography
Kahlil Gibran was a Lebanese and American essayist, poet, novelist, and artist. He was born on January 6, 1883, in the town of Besharri in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Ottoman Empire (north of modern-day Lebanon), to Khalil Gibran and Kamila Gibran (Rahmeh). In the works. And then Gibran used both Arabic and English language at the beginning of his career as a writer, Gibran was using the Arabic language for his literary for his writing. After that, his literary works had translated into several languages. In addition, Ferris (1959) emphasized that Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), 9 (2),November 2022, 178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 186 "As has been observed in his many published work, widely read in several languages, the early promise Gibran showed was sustained throughout his life" (p.9).
Most of his writing is based on Gibran's experiences since he was young. In this study, the writer focuses on analyzing Kahlil Gibran's principal work of "The Forerunner" through the linguistic view. The original poetry is using the English language. There are twenty-four chapters from its series of The Forerunner, but the writer's concerns with four chapters of the poetry will be investigated there are Critics, The Saint, Beyond My Solitude, and Values.

Types of Research Method
A research method is a tool that is used for analyzing the data or information that has been collected throughout the study. In the process of its study, it should follow certain rules which aim to obtain valid data and reliable data so it will solve the problem that is being studied and then achieve the object of the study. There are three types of research method that has been conducted by many researchers such as qualitative and quantitative and mixed methods. Based on Creswell (2014) explained that "There are three research approaches are advanced: (a) qualitative, (b) quantitative, and (c) mixed methods" (P.3); in his report described that Qualitative research is an approach to exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem (p. 4).
Moreover, based on Kothari (2004) stated that "Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It applies to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity" (p. 3). Based on Creswell (2014) stated that "Mixed methods research is an approach to an inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, integrating the two forms of data, and using distinct designs that may involve philosophical assumptions and theoretical frameworks" (p.4). In addition, mixed method research tends to have a descriptive trait in its analysis, which is describing something that occurs while in the study and focusing more on the actual problems, and using observation for the collection of its data. Based on Maulidina et al. (2017) noted that "Descriptive research is research conducted to evaluate, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), 9 (2),November 2022, 178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 187 describe a phenomenon that is happening today by using scientific procedures to answer problems in general" (p. 39).
In this study, the writer applied a descriptive mixed method that described, identified, classified, and calculated numerical data on the words of affixes found in Kahlil Gibran's poetry. According to Heriyanto and Khudlori (2020) explained that "Primary data include references/ literature/ journals/ books related to the discussion. Secondary data include documentation and field data of the implementation obtained through observation and interviews" (p.41). In this study, the writer used Kahlil Gibran's poetry as the primary data and used several theories that related to the study as the secondary data

Data Source
The data source of this study, the writer was taken from the words of affixes in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran. Based on Nelli (2015) stated that "Data are the events recorded in the world. Anything that can be measured or even categorized can be converted into data" (p. 4); his report described that Regardless of the quality and quantity of data needed, another issue is the search and the correct choice of data sources (p. 6). There are four chapters of Gibran's poetry that have been chosen by the writer as the data sources and the writer focuses to analyze affixes, among the chapters are Critics, The Saint, Beyond My Solitude, and Values.

Method of Data Collection
In the method of data collection, the writer uses documentation meanwhile the data writer uses the words from four chapters in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran. There are several techniques of data collection such as finding the data, reading the data carefully, identifying the data, and collecting the information related to research. Based on Arvianti and Wahyuni (2020) explained that "Data collection methods are interview, observation, questionnaire, and literature study" (p.63). Meanwhile, Dewi and Zaini (2019) stated that "Data collection is the part of research methodological which is a process to collect the data that is needed in a research. This is a process to get valid and reliable data" (p.110).

Method of Data Analysis
According to Nelli (2015) explained, "Data analysis is, therefore, a process completely focused on data and depending on the nature of the data, it is possible to make some distinctions" (p.9). In this study, the writer analyzing data took the following steps there are identifying the data from the e-book of poetry, underlining the data containing affixes, classifying the data affixes of prefixes and suffixes from inflectional affixes and derivational affixes, counting the data of prefixes and suffixes found in Kahlil Gibran's poetry from highest to lowest using percentage, and drawing the conclusion of the study of Morphological affixes.

Data Representation
Based on Ningi (2022) said that "The data presentation is one of the segments of the methodology in every research depending on the approach. The methodology, therefore, refers to the design and the theory that underpins the research" (p. 196). In general, there are two methods of data representation that have been conducted by researchers there are the formal method and the informal method. According to Sudaryanto "Formal method is a method that use to present the data with a sign, picture, and symbol. While, the informal method presents the results of analyzing research with descriptions by words (as cited in Jayanti et al., 2019, p. 4)". In this study, the writer conducted the informal method. the writer uses the informal method in presenting the data which is the result of the descriptive approach to analyzing its research by words explanation through the sentence.

Result
After analyzing all the data obtained in the four chapters of poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran, the result reported such as the writer found words contained with affixes in the four chapters of Gibran's poetry, the writer found the total number of affixes, the writer found types of affixes were used in the four chapters of "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran are prefixes and suffixes. The most dominant type of affixes applied in the four chapters of the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran was suffixes.  178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 Then the traveler was much astonished.   9 (2),November 2022, 178- 200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 battle fought in twilight and my desires the rattling of bones.

The Total of Affixes Found in the Poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran
Based on the data above, the writer found the total affixes from four chapters in the Kahlil Gibran poetry. The data results were classified based on each chapter in the Kahlil Gibran poetry as shown below:  178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355  The data from the table above showed the report of the total affixes found in the four chapters of the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran. The data of affixes were taken from both inflectional affixes and derivational affixes and the total data was found 105 data of affixes. With the total data of prefixes were found 6 data and the total data of suffixes were found 99 data.

Gibran
In this subsection, the writer will analyze the types of affixes used in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran. The data will be displayed in the table below:  178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355 Based on the data in the discussion above, it showed that two types of affixes were used in the poetry "The Forerunner" there are prefixes and suffixes as indicated along with the numbers of the data after the writer analyzed it. In the English language, there are three types of affixes such as prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. But infixes are rarely applied in the words of the English language. In this study, the writer only found the affixes of prefixes and suffixes, meanwhile, infixes were not identified during the investigation.

The Dominant Types of Affixes were Used in The Poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil
Gibran data.
In addition, suffixes -ed that the most frequently dominantly occurs in Gibran's Poetry were identified as the story of his past time that he has experienced since he was a child, started in his homeland country of Lebanon which is located in Bsharri, natural phenomena often occurred around him that affected his literary writings about the nature, also His move from Lebanon to America forced him to face a new culture that very different from his previous culture. Lebanon is his inspiration country and he combines the two cultural experiences to become one in his poetry.  178-200, Copyright © 2022, Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review), e-ISSN 2775-4618, p-ISSN 2355

Conclusion
In this chapter, the writer had drawn the result of data analysis from the discussion in the previous chapters. There are three major conclusions that the writer had been summarized as follows: 1. The result shown in the four chapters of the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran was found the words which contained affixes and the total number of affixes were found in 105 data.
2. There were two types of affixes applied in the four chapters of the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran, they were prefixes and suffixes.
3. The most dominant type of affixes applied in the four chapters of the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran was suffixes. Total suffixes were found in 99 data with a percentage of 94,3% and suffixes -ed were indicated as the most frequently dominantly occurring with the total 32 data with a percentage of 30,4% meanwhile prefixes were found in 6 data with a percentage of 5,7%.

Suggestion
After completing the research about morphological affixes found in the poetry "The Forerunner" by Kahlil Gibran, the writer will provide some suggestions that hopefully, will give many benefits and also a consideration, evaluation, and avoiding the mistakes that might occur in the future. The suggestion can be staged as follow: 1. The first suggestion is to lead to English department students. The students should learn about morphological affixes in the English language. because English students should know how to insert the right affixes in words if students are lacking knowledge about affixes it will be difficult to distinguish the meaning correctly also it emerges misinterpretation of the meaning of its words.
2. The second suggestion is to lead to the lecturer or teacher, the lecturer and teacher are recommended to knowledge more about morphology, also In the application of teaching affixation, it needs to split between the root and affixes of prefixes and suffixes of a word so through that way it can help students to distinguish the meaning and the types are used in affixes.